Helium hydride ion | |
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Hydridohelium(1+)[1] |
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Identifiers | |
ChemSpider | 21106447 |
ChEBI | CHEBI:33688 |
Gmelin Reference | 2 |
Jmol-3D images | Image 1 |
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Properties | |
Molecular formula | HeH+ |
Molar mass | 5.01054 g mol-1 |
Exact mass | 5.010428282 g mol-1 |
Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa) | |
Infobox references |
The hydrohelium(1+) cation, HeH+, is a positively charged ion formed by the reaction of a proton with a helium atom in the gas phase, first observed in 1925.[2] It is the strongest known acid, with a proton affinity of 177.8 kJ/mol.[3] This ion is also called helium-hydride molecular ion. It has been suggested that it should occur naturally in the interstellar medium.[4] It is the simplest heteronuclear ion, and is comparable with the hydrogen molecular ion, H2+. Unlike H2+, however, it has a permanent dipole moment, which makes the spectroscopic characterization easier.[5]
Contents |
HHe+ cannot be prepared in a condensed phase, as it would protonate any anion, molecule or atom with which it were associated. However it is possible to estimate a hypothetical aqueous acidity using Hess's law:
HHe+(g) | → | H+(g) | + He(g) | +178 kJ/mol | [3] |
HHe+(aq) | → | HHe+(g) | +973 kJ/mol | [6] | |
H+(g) | → | H+(aq) | – 1530 kJ/mol | ||
He(g) | → | He(aq) | +19 kJ/mol | [7] | |
HHe+(aq) | → | H+(aq) | + He(aq) | – 360 kJ/mol |
A free energy change of dissociation of – 360 kJ/mol is equivalent to a pKa of – 63.
The length of the covalent bond in HeH+ is 0.772 Å.[8]
Other helium hydride ions are known or have been studied theoretically. HeH2+, which has been observed using microwave spectroscopy,[9] has a calculated binding energy of 6 kcal/mol, while HeH3+ has a calculated binding energy of 0.1 kcal/mol.[10]
Helium hydride ion is formed during the decay of tritium in the HT or tritium molecule T2. Although excited by the recoil from the beta decay the molecule remains bound together.[11]
HeH+ is thought to exist in the interstellar medium, although it has not yet been unambiguously detected.[12] It is believed to be the first compound to have formed in the universe,[12] and is of fundamental importance in understanding the chemistry of the early universe.[13] This is because hydrogen and helium were almost the only types of atoms formed in Big Bang nucleosynthesis. Stars formed from the primordial material should contain HeH+, which could influence their formation and subsequent evolution. In particular, its strong dipole moment makes it relevant to the opacity of zero-metallicity stars.[12] HeH+ is also thought to be an important constituent of the atmospheres of helium-rich white dwarfs, where it increases the opacity of the gas and causes the star to cool more slowly.[14]
Several locations have been suggested as possible places HeH+ might be detected. These include cool helium stars,[12] H II regions,[15] and dense planetary nebulae[15] (in particular NGC 7027).[13] Detecting HeH+ spectroscopically is complicated by the fact that one of its most prominent spectral lines, at 149.14 μm, coincides with a doublet of spectral lines belonging to CH.[12]
HeH+ could be formed in the cooling gas behind dissociative shocks in dense interstellar clouds, such as the shocks caused by stellar winds, supernovae and outflowing material from young stars. If the speed of the shock is greater than about 90 km/s, quantities large enough to detect might be formed. If detected, the emissions from HeH+ would then be useful tracers of the shock.[16]
Unlike the helium hydride ion, the neutral helium hydride molecule is not stable in the ground state. However, it does exist in an excited state as an excimer, and its spectrum was first observed in the mid 1980s.[17][18][19]
Unless otherwise stated, numerical data are taken from Weast, R. C. (Ed.) (1981). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (62nd Edn.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. ISBN 0-8493-0462-8.